Driver stress in five Spanish-speaking countries: Construct validity of the LatinSET / Estrés en conductores de cinco países hispanoparlantes: validez de constructo para el LatinSET

INTRODUCTION: Driver stress is a phenomenon many have studied in probably all five continents. It has been the focus of curiosity for all sorts of disciplines, and science has been unable to curb it, much less park it. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to generate a unique scale that can be used in Spanish speaking countries regardless of culture or geography. Method and Materials: A sample of 1954 drivers from Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Chile and Spain was comprised. Through this study, the original 21 items of the ISET (Stressful Situations in Transit Inventory, in Spanish) were used to carry out both an Exploratory Factorial Analysis as well as a Confirmatory Factorial Analysis. RESULTS: As a result, a 9 item scale was created that is valid for use in Spanish countries. CONCLUSIONS: Although further research is warranted, the LatinSET is now valid for its use in Spanish-speaking countries

INTRODUCCIÓN: El estrés en conductores es un fenómeno que muchos han estudiado en probablemente los cinco continentes del mundo. Ha sido el enfoque de estudio de una gran variedad de disciplinas, pero la ciencia no ha podido desgranarlo, ni mucho menos eliminarlo por completo. OBJETIVOS: Este estudio tiene como objetivo generar una nueva escala que pueda ser usada en países de habla hispana sin importar la cultura o la geografía. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Una muestra de 1,954 conductores de México, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Chile y España fue recolectada. A través de este estudio, el juego original de 21 ítems del ISET (Inventario de Situaciones Estresantes en el Tránsito) fueron utilizados para llevar a cabo análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. RESULTADOS: Como resultado, una escala de 9 ítems fue creada que es válida para su uso en países hispanoparlantes. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de que se requiere de más estudios relevantes, el LatinSET está listo para ser usado

Characterization of Legal Psychology through psychology journals included in Criminology & Penology and Law categories of Web of Science / Caracterización de la Psicología Jurídica a través de las revistas de psicología incluidas en las categorías Criminology & Penology y Law de la Web of Science

The objective of this work is to learn about the most relevant aspects that characterize contemporary Legal Psychology throughout the study of journals included in the WoS between the years 2009 and 2014 related with the area of Psychology. The number of selected publications is 16, mainly from the USA and Great Britain. The results show an increase in the number of works and authors, a greater collaboration and a growth in medium productors. It exists a major presence of men in editorial boards and as authors, outstanding the figures of T. Ward in 2009 and A. Vrij in 2014. According to the analysis of key words the most relevant themes during these years have been Crime, Conduct, Woman and Metaanalysis, being sexual violence towards children and women and gender violence the criminal typology most studied

El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer los aspectos más relevantes que caracterizan a la Psicología Jurídica contemporánea a través del estudio de las revistas de la WoS en los años 2009 y 2014 relacionadas con esta área de la Psicología. El número de publicaciones seleccionadas es de 16, principalmente de USA e Inglaterra. Los resultados apuntan a un aumento en el número de trabajos y de autores, una mayor colaboración y un crecimiento de los medianos productores. Existe una mayor presencia de hombres en los comités editoriales y como autores, destacando las figuras de T. Ward en 2009 y de A. Vrij en 2014. Según el análisis de las palabras clave los temas más relevantes en estos años son Crimen, Conducta, Mujer y Metaanálisis, siendo la tipología delictiva más estudiada la violencia sexual hacia niños y mujeres y la violencia de género

Agresividad vial como preditor del estrés y del comportamiento prosocial, y su influencia en la siniestralidad de vehículos particulares en México / Road aggressiveness as a predictor of stress and prosocial behavior, and its influence on Mexican drivers' accident rates

El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la relación entre la agresividad, la conducta prosocial, el estrés, y la siniestralidad en el tráfico rodado de la ciudad de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Se utilizan dos escalas validadas previamente con el fin de evaluar el estrés y la Agresividad de los conductores. Adicionalmente, se ha desarrollado una escala que evalúa el comportamiento prosocial en el tránsito y se ha diseñado un inventario que pretende evaluar la accidentalidad vial y algunas de sus particularidades. Los resultados muestran que la agresividad es un fenómeno complejo desde un punto de vista psicosocial, dado que funciona como predictor de un mayor nivel de estrés percibido por los participantes, y de una menor prevalencia de comportamiento prosocial de los mismos. Se concluye que los accidentes de tránsito reflejan una problemática de naturaleza psicosocial, dado que la relación entre las variables de estudio no es lineal, sino que parece producirse como manifestación de otros factores

The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between aggressiveness, prosocial behavior, stress and accident rates of drivers in the city of Cuernavaca, Morelos. Two previously validated scales were used to evaluate stress and aggressiveness in drivers and a new scale was composed to evaluate prosocial behavior while driving. A small questionnaire was designed to determine some particularities of traffic accidents in order to determine accident rates. Findings point that aggressiveness is a complex phenomenon from a psychosocial point of view, due to the fact that it predicts a higher level of stress and lower levels of prosocial behavior. It is concluded that traffic accidents reflect a problem that is of a psychosocial nature, due to the nonlinear relationship that these variables share, which may be produced by other factors

Preferencias implícitas de una muestra española: una técnica novedosa para determinar preferencias raciales / Implicit Preferences in a Spanish Sample: A New Technique to Determine Racial Preference

Las preferencias raciales expresadas explícitamente pueden carecer de información que sea completa en su contenido, ya sea porque las personas prefieren no expresar sus actitudes per se o tal vez porque no estén al tanto de ellas. El Implicit Association Test (IAT), desarrollado por Greenwald, Banaji y Nosek, evalúa las preferencias implícitas de las personas a través de una plataforma de internet. Demuestra que cuando una persona expresa una preferencia en particular, es posible que no conciba que esa actitud tenga un componente inconsciente y que pueda modificarla. Se obtuvieron 235 sujetos que respondieron a la prueba de preferencia implícita de raza (negra y blanca), a través del portal de internet del IAT Los resultados indican que hay una preferencia explícita hacia personas blancas sobre las personas de color, y que la preferencia implícita es de mayor intensidad que la explícita, en el mismo sentido.

Racial preferences that are expressed explicitly may lack information and be lacking in character, either because people prefer not to express their attitudes wholly, or because they are not completely aware of them. The Implicit Association Test (IAT), developed by Greenwald, Banaji and Nosek, evaluates the implicit preference of people through an internet platform. It demonstrates that when a person shows a preference in particular, it is possible that said attitude has a component that may not be conscious that could be modified. Sample was comprised of 235 subjects that, through the IAT internet website, completed the race implicit preference task (black and white). Results indicate that there is an explicit preference towards white people over black people, and that implicit preference is of stronger intensity than explicit preference, in the same sense.

Valoración de los conductores españoles sobre el permiso por puntos / Spanish drivers’ valuation of the penalty point system

Un aspecto de especial importancia para el buen funcionamiento del permiso por puntos es que los conductores comprendan adecuadamente su filosofía y sus objetivos. Si el sistema es valorado como una medida eficaz y socialmente beneficiosa, es probable que el cambio comportamental de los conductores sea más intenso y más duradero. Por el contrario, si es percibido como una medida meramente recaudadora, difícilmente podrá alcanzar y mantener sus objetivos. Este estudio analiza, a partir de una encuesta telefónica realizada a nivel nacional sobre 2.014 participantes, la valoración que hacen los conductores del modelo español de permiso por puntos. Los resultados muestran que los conductores hacen una valoración muy positiva y tienen para el sistema unas altas expectativas de éxito. Además, por encima de una visión meramente sancionadora o recaudadora, los conductores afirman que la finalidad primordial del permiso por puntos es concienciar y mejorar la seguridad vial (AU)

A key issue for the good performance of the penalty point system is that drivers achieve a proper understanding of its philosophy and objectives. If this enforcement system is valuated as an effective and socially beneficial measure, there is a higher probability that drivers will show a stronger and permanent change. On the contrary, if the penalty point system is perceived as a tax-collecting measure, it would be very difficult for its principal aims to be achieved. From a national telephone survey conducted on a sample of 2.014 respondents, the present study analyses drivers’ appraisal of the Spanish penalty point system. The results show that drivers’ evaluation of the system is very positive and also that they have high expectations for its success. Moreover, beyond a mere repressive or tax-collecting view of the penalty point system, drivers state that its main goal is to increase awareness and improve road safety (AU)

[Spanish drivers' valuation of the penalty point system]. / Valoración de los conductores españoles sobre el permiso por puntos.

A key issue for the good performance of the penalty point system is that drivers achieve a proper understanding of its philosophy and objectives. If this enforcement system is valuated as an effective and socially beneficial measure, there is a higher probability that drivers will show a stronger and permanent change. On the contrary, if the penalty point system is perceived as a tax-collecting measure, it would be very difficult for its principal aims to be achieved. From a national telephone survey conducted on a sample of 2.014 respondents, the present study analyses drivers' appraisal of the Spanish penalty point system. The results show that drivers' evaluation of the system is very positive and also that they have high expectations for its success. Moreover, beyond a mere repressive or tax-collecting view of the penalty point system, drivers state that its main goal is to increase awareness and improve road safety.

[Influence of the penalty point system on driving behaviour: drivers' point of view]. / Influencia del permiso de conducción por puntos en el comportamiento al volante: percepción de los conductores.

On July 1, 2006 a penalty point system was introduced in Spain. One year later, a reduction of 14.3% was observed in road traffic casualties, whilst the previous year that figure was 4.9%. A national telephone survey was conducted on a sample of 2.014 respondents to explore the drivers' point of view about the influence of the penalty point system on driving behaviour. Results point to a moderate behavioural change, mainly in relation to speeding and mobile phone misuse, this change being slightly more intense in drivers who were fined during the previous year. Awareness of road traffic accidents increased in around 40% of drivers. Lastly, mobility loss stands out as the most worrying and presumably most influential consequence of driving license loss.

Influencia del permiso de conducción por puntos en el comportamiento al volante: percepción de los conductores / Influence of the penalty point system on driving behaviour: Drivers’ point of view

El primer año de vida del sistema de permiso y licencia de conducción por puntos en España se cerró con una reducción del 14,3% en el número de víctimas mortales, mientras que en el período equivalente anterior la reducción apenas había sido del 4,9%. A partir de una encuesta telefónica a nivel nacional sobre un total de 2.014 personas, se analiza la percepción que tienen los propios conductores sobre la influencia de este sistema en su comportamiento al volante. Los resultados indican un cambio moderado, principalmente en cuanto a los excesos de velocidad y al uso inadecuado del teléfono móvil, resultando este cambio algo más intenso en los conductores infractores (multados durante el año anterior). Aproximadamente un 40% de los conductores afirma estar más concienciado hacia los accidentes de tráfico. Finalmente, la pérdida de movilidad destaca como la consecuencia de la pérdida del permiso de conducir que más preocupa a los conductores y que, por tanto, más ha podido influir en su comportamiento

On July 1, 2006 a penalty point system was introduced in Spain. One year later, a reduction of 14.3% was observed in road traffic casualties, whilst the previous year that figure was 4.9%. A national telephone survey was conducted on a sample of 2.014 respondents to explore the drivers’ point of view about the influence of the penalty point system on driving behaviour. Results point to a moderate behavioural change, mainly in relation to speeding and mobile phone misuse, this change being slightly more intense in drivers who were fined during the previous year. Awareness of road traffic accidents increased in around 40% of drivers. Lastly, mobility loss stands out as the most worrying and presumably most influential consequence of driving license loss

The nature of social and personality psychology as reflected in JPSP, 1965-2000.

A bibliometric analysis of the first 36 years (1965-2000) of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP) is presented. The authors analyzed the structure of JPSP on the basis of contents and other aspects related to productivity, such as growth in the number of articles and authors, and "invisible colleges." In 2001, JPSP articles were cited over 23,000 times. An increasing number of older, classic articles are cited, suggesting that there are an accumulating number of citations whose influence endures over time. JPSP articles have grown in length, number of studies included, number of references, and number of authors and have become more international with an increasing proportion of authors from outside the United States. The pattern of findings suggests an increasingly complex and mature science.

Contributions to the history of psychology: CXIX. The Spanish Neurohistological School's legacy: Cajal and Lorente de Nó.

Santiago Ramón y Cajal made his mark in the history of science as a brilliant researcher of the histology of the nervous system. His bold efforts and the international recognition he received during his lifetime played an important role in the consolidation of the Spanish Neurohistological School which is composed of a large number of eminent disciples. Amongst these, and of outstanding repute, is Rafael Lorente de Nó whose research had a significant influence on the work of Canadian psychololgist Donald O. Hebb and, consequently, on the development of neurophysiological theory. This paper analyses some of the contributions of Cajal and his disciple Lorente de Nó which formed the anatomical and neuropsychological framework of contemporary psychology.

Woodworth y los orígenes de la psicología motivacional contemporánea / Woodworth and the origins of the current psychology of motivation

La actual psicología de los motivos y emociones es tributaria de las condiciones en las que surgió y se consolidó el estudio científico de estos procesos en el primer tercio del siglo XX, tanto si se mira a los avances realizados como a los problemas que lastran su desarrollo. En este artículo se analizan las aportaciones del psicólogo americano R. S. Woodworth (1869-1962), las cuales jugaron un papel crucial en este proceso, paralelamente al declive de las grandes teorías de base instintiva (AU)